The James Webb Space Telescope has lastly arrived at its new residence. After a Christmas launch and a month of unfolding and assembling itself in area, the brand new area observatory reached its last vacation spot, a spot generally known as L2, on January 24.
But the telescope can’t begin doing science but. There are nonetheless a number of months’ value of duties on Webb’s to-do record earlier than the telescope is able to peep on the earliest mild within the universe or spy on exoplanets’ alien atmospheres (SN: 10/6/21).
“That doesn’t mean there’s anything wrong,” says astronomer Scott Friedman of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, who’s managing this subsequent section of Webb’s journey. “Everything could go perfectly, and it would still take six months” from launch for the telescope’s science devices to be prepared for motion, he says.
Here’s what to anticipate subsequent.
Life at L2
L2, technically generally known as the second Earth-sun Lagrange level, is a spot about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth within the path of Mars, the place the solar and Earth’s gravity are of equal power. Pairs of huge objects in area have 5 such Lagrange factors, the place the gravitational pushes and pulls from these celestial our bodies basically cancel one another out. That lets objects at Lagrange factors keep put with out a lot effort.
The telescope, also referred to as JWST, isn’t simply sitting tight, although. It’s orbiting L2, at the same time as L2 orbits the solar. That’s as a result of L2 will not be exactly steady, Friedman says. It’s like making an attempt to remain balanced instantly on high of a basketball. If you nudged an object sitting precisely at that time, it could be straightforward to make it wander away. Circling L2 as L2 circles the solar in a “halo orbit” is way more steady — it’s more durable to fall off the basketball when in fixed movement. But it takes some effort to remain there.
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“JWST and other astronomical satellites, which are said to be at L2 but are really in halo orbits, need propulsion to maintain their positions,” Friedman says. “For JWST, we will execute what we call station keeping maneuvers every 21 days. We fire our thrusters to correct our position, thus maintaining our halo orbit.”
The quantity of gas wanted to take care of Webb’s residence in area will set the lifetime of the mission. Once the telescope runs out of gas, the mission is over. Luckily, the spacecraft had a near-perfect launch and didn’t use a lot gas in transit to L2. As a consequence, it’d be capable to final greater than 10 years, group members say, longer than the unique five- to 10-year estimate.
Webb’s last vacation spot is a spot in area referred to as L2, about 1.5 million kilometers away from Earth. The telescope will really orbit L2 as L2 orbits the solar (as proven on this animation). This particular “halo orbit” helps the spacecraft keep in place with out burning a lot gas.
Webb has another characteristic that helps it keep steady. The telescope’s gigantic kitelike sunshield, which protects the fragile devices from the warmth and lightweight of the solar, Earth and the moon, may choose up momentum from the stream of charged particles that always flows from the solar, like a photo voltaic sail. If so, that might push Webb off target. To stop this, the telescope has a flap that acts as a rudder, mentioned Webb sunshield supervisor Jim Flynn of Northrup Grumman in a January 4 information convention.
Cooling down
Webb sees in infrared mild, wavelengths longer than what the human eye can see. But people do expertise infrared radiation as warmth. “We’re essentially looking at the universe in heat vision,” says astrophysicist Erin Smith of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., a mission scientist on Webb.
That signifies that the components of the telescope that observe the sky need to be at about 40 kelvins (–233° Celsius), which almost matches the chilly of area. That means, Webb avoids emitting extra warmth than the distant sources within the universe that the telescope might be observing, stopping it from obscuring them from view.
Most of Webb has been cooling down ever because the telescope’s sunshield unfurled on January 4. The observatory’s five-layer sunshield blocks and deflects warmth and lightweight, letting the telescope’s mirrors and scientific devices cool off from their temperature at launch. The sunshield layer closest to the solar will heat to about 85° Celsius, however the chilly facet might be about –233° Celsius, mentioned Webb’s commissioning supervisor Keith Parrish in a January 4 webcast.
“You could boil water on the front side of us, and on the back side of us, you’re almost down to absolute zero,” Parrish mentioned.
One of the devices, MIRI, the Mid-Infrared Instrument, has further coolant to convey it down to six.7 kelvins (–266° Celsius) to allow it to see even dimmer and cooler objects than the remainder of the telescope. For MIRI, “space isn’t cold enough,” Smith says.
Aligning the mirrors
Webb completed unfolding its 6.5-meter-wide golden mirror on January 8, turning the spacecraft into a real telescope. But it’s not completed but. That mirror, which collects and focuses mild from the distant universe, is made up of 18 hexagonal segments. And every of these segments has to line up with a precision of about 10 or 20 nanometers in order that the entire equipment mimics a single, huge mirror.
Starting on January 12, 126 tiny motors on the again of the 18 segments began shifting and reshaping them to ensure all of them match up. Another six motors went to work on the secondary mirror, which is supported on a increase in entrance of the first mirror.
Before the James Webb Space Telescope can begin observing the universe, all 18 segments of its major mirror have to act as one 6.5-meter mirror. This animation exhibits the mirror segments shifting, tilting and bending to convey 18 separate photos of a star (mild dots) collectively right into a single, targeted picture.
This alignment course of will take till not less than April to complete. In half, that’s as a result of the actions are taking place whereas the mirror is cooling. The altering temperature modifications the form of the mirrors, to allow them to’t be put of their last alignment till after the telescope’s suite of scientific devices are totally chilled.
Once the alignment is finished, mild from distant area will first bounce off the first mirror, then the secondary mirror and eventually attain the devices that may analyze the cosmic indicators.
Calibrating the science devices
While the mirrors are aligning, Webb’s science devices will activate. Technically, that is when Webb will take its first photos, says astronomer Klaus Pontoppidan, additionally of the Space Telescope Science Institute. “But they’re not going to be pretty,” Pontoppidan says. The telescope will first check its deal with a single brilliant star, bringing 18 separate brilliant dots into one by tilting the mirrors.
After a couple of last changes, the telescope might be “performing as we want it to and presenting beautiful images of the sky to all the instruments,” Friedman says. “Then they can start doing their work.”
These devices embrace NIRCam, the first near-infrared digital camera that may cowl the vary of wavelengths from 0.6 to five micrometers. NIRCam will be capable to picture the earliest stars and galaxies as they have been once they fashioned not less than 12 billion years in the past, in addition to younger stars within the Milky Way. The digital camera may even be capable to see objects within the Kuiper Belt on the fringe of the photo voltaic system and is supplied with a coronagraph, which may block mild from a star to disclose particulars of dimmer exoplanets orbiting it.
Next up is NIRSpec, the near-infrared spectrograph, which is able to cowl the identical vary of sunshine wavelengths as NIRCam. But as an alternative of gathering mild and turning it into a picture, NIRSpec will break up the sunshine right into a spectrum to determine an object’s properties, reminiscent of temperature, mass and composition. The spectrograph is designed to watch 100 objects on the identical time.
MIRI, the mid-infrared instrument, is stored the coldest to watch within the longest wavelengths, from 5 to twenty-eight micrometers. MIRI has each a digital camera and a spectrograph that, like NIRCam and NIRSpec, will nonetheless be delicate to distant galaxies and new child stars, however it would additionally be capable to spot planets, comets and asteroids.
And the fourth instrument, referred to as the FGS/NIRISS, is a two-parter. FGS is a digital camera that may assist the telescope level exactly. And NIRISS, which stands for near-infrared imager and slitless spectrograph, might be particularly used to detect and characterize exoplanets.
The James Webb Space Telescope’s science devices are saved behind the first mirror (as proven on this animation). Light from distant objects hits the first mirror, then the secondary mirror in entrance of it, which focuses the sunshine onto the devices.
First science targets
It will take not less than one other 5 months after arriving at L2 to complete calibrating all of these science devices, Pontoppidan says. When that’s all completed, the Webb science group has a high secret plan for the primary full coloration photos to be launched.
“These are images that are meant to demonstrate to the world that the observatory is working and ready for science,” Pontoppidan says. “Exactly what will be in that package, that’s a secret.”
Partly the secrecy is as a result of there’s nonetheless some uncertainty in what the telescope will be capable to have a look at when the time comes. If organising the devices takes longer than anticipated, Webb might be in a unique a part of its orbit and sure components of the sky might be out of view for some time. The group doesn’t wish to promise one thing particular after which be flawed, Pontoppidan says.
But additionally, “it’s meant to be a surprise,” he says. “We don’t want to spoil that surprise.”
Webb’s first science tasks, nonetheless, are usually not underneath wraps. In the primary 5 months of observations, Webb will start a collection of Early Release Science tasks. These will use each characteristic of each instrument to have a look at a broad vary of area targets, together with every part from Jupiter to distant galaxies and from star formation to black holes and exoplanets.
Still, even the scientists are longing for the beautiful photos.
“I’m just very excited to get to see those first images, just because they will be spectacular,” Smith says. “As much as I love the science, it’s also fun to ooh and ahh.”